Essay about International Development Ethics - 2965 Words

ABSTRACT: I discuss the nature and genesis of international development ethics as well as its current areas of consensus, controversies, challenges, and agenda. A relatively new field of applied ethics, international development ethics is ethical reflection on the ends and means of socioeconomic change in poor countries and regions. It has several sources: criticism of colonialism and post-World War II developmental strategies; Denis Goulets writings; Anglo-American philosophical debates about the ethics of famine relief; and Paul Streetens and Amartya Sens approaches to development. Development ethicists agree that the moral dimension of development theory and practice is just as important as the scientific and policy components. What†¦show more content†¦Sources There are several sources for moral assessment of the theory and practice of development. First, beginning in the 1940s, activists and social critics—such as Gandhi in India, Raà ºl Prà ©bisch in Latin America, and Frantz Fanon in Africa—criticized colonial and/or orthodox economic development. Second, since the early 1960s, American Denis Goulet, influenced by French economist Louis-Joseph Lebret and social scientists such as Gunner Myrdal, has argued that development needs to be redefined, demystified, and thrust into the arena of moral debate (Goulet 1971, p. xix). Drawing on his training in continental philosophy, political science and social planning as well as on his grassroots experience in numerous projects in poor countries, Goulet was a pioneer in addressing the ethical and value questions posed by development theory, planning, and practice (Goulet 1977, p. 5). One of the most important lessons taught by Goulet, in such studies as The Cruel Choice: A New Con cept in the Theory of Development (1971), is that so-called development, owing to its costs in human suffering and loss of meaning, can amount to anti-development (Cf. Berger 1974). A third source of development ethics is the effort of Anglo-American moral philosophers to deepen and broaden philosophical debate about famine relief and food aid. Beginning in the early seventies, often in response to Peter Singers utilitarian argument for famine relief (1972) and Garrett HardinsShow MoreRelatedEssay about Ethics in International Business1657 Words   |  7 Pages Ethics in International Business Abstract International business ethics challenges the corporate world to deal with questions of what to do in situations where ethical standards come into conflict as a result of the different cultural practices in the nation. 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Due to the globalization of markets and production processes, business people have to deal with ethical issues in cross-cultural settings at an increasing number. The purpose of this paper is to explain the importance of international business, emphasiseRead MoreThe Earth Charter : A Declaration Of Fundamental Principles1460 Words   |  6 PagesThe Earth Charter is a declaration of fundamental principles for building a safe, sustainable, and peaceful world. It strives to identify the critical challenges and choices facing humanity. The Earth Charter provides moral framework for the development of the emerging global civilization. It is designed to inspire people to have a new sense of global interdependence and shared responsibility for the well-being of the humanity, life, and future generations . It is an urgent call for major social andRead MoreGlobal Organisation : Lavalin Rail And Transit Ltd1488 Words   |  6 PagesSNC-Lavalin acquired the international rail consultancy Interfleet Technology Ltd in 2016 Interfleet integrated with the SNC-Lavalin brand and was renamed SNC-Lavalin Rail and Transit Ltd. The SNC-Lavalin Rail Transit division has the global ability to offer services across all types of rail and transit systems and acquires consultancy teams in rolling stock, infrastructure, systems in rail control and strategic transport advisory services. â€Æ' 2 Strategic Formation 3 Strategic Development SNC-Lavalin embrace

The Case Of Frank Van Den Bleeken - 1471 Words

HUM: 1155 Ethics Assignment #1 In the case of Frank Van Den Bleeken, a male described as an irrepressible rapist asked to undergo physician assisted suicide in order to end his life. Since Van Den Bleeken was living his psychologically unbearable sentence in Belgium, physician assisted suicide was an impending option, as it had been made legal in the country back in 2002 (Krugel, 2016). Through ethical analysis, Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill’s would reach an agreement in which Van Den Bleeken should be restricted from his right to physician assisted suicide. The three philosophers have varying epistemological thought processes on determining what is ethical and moral but whether it is the individual’s duty to stay in†¦show more content†¦Prison sentences would be avoided because many would choose to die a peaceful death verses suffer in a jail cell. Prison sentences would be considered imperfect duties in which people should not ignore, but are given more leeway (Blackburn, 2016). For the sake of justice for the deceased’s families it is Van Den Bleeken’s duty to suffer. Another highly acknowledgeable focus of Kantian Ethics includes two imperatives: hypothetical and categorical. Kant would emphasize the importance of the second formulation within the categorical imperative in the instance of Van Den Bleeken using the physician’s as the means to his end. By supplying Van Den Bleeken with the necessary materials and environment for a painless death, the physicians would only be the means to the end. Kant would agree that physician assisted suicide is therefore not follow moral law, because the physicians are considered moral beings and should be entitled to the autonomous treatment as moral equals. Strengths to the Kantian Ethics Theory is that it is fair, consistent, and treats people as moral equals; but contradictorily, what if someone broke the law, are they stripped of their title as a â€Å"moral equal†? The hypothetical imperative in basic terms describes how in order to achieve one thing, you must do another. In Van Den Bleeken’s case, he would have to work great deals toShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Frank Van Den Bleeken1672 Words   |  7 PagesIn the case of Frank Van Den Bleeken, a male described as an irrepressible rapist asked to undergo physician assisted suicide in order to end his life. Since Van Den Bleeken was continuing his psychologically unbearable sentence in Belgium, physician assisted suicide was an impending option as it had been made legal in the country back in 2002 (Krugel, 2016). Through ethical analysis, Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill would reach an agreement in which Van Den Bleeken should be restrictedRead MoreThe Ethics Of An Physician Assisted Suicide2729 Words   |  11 Pagesfact of if this is wrong or right to do. The purpose of physician assisted suicide, as well as how humans manipulated this phenomenon, and the controversy of this topic, amongst other prevalent information will be discussed. There will be some court cases that will be mentioned to prove when it should be used and when it should not be used. I will attempt to provide my position to this topic, although it may be hard to do so. Laws in which PAS can be done will be mentioned as well as other alternatives

Being Multilingual free essay sample

French? Being able to speak different languages will definitely benefit you. The advantages of speaking another language are that they improve your communication skills; it makes traveling more convenient and will be an asset when you are searching for a job. Many people want to travel to Europe especially to places Like France or Italy. Getting around, shopping, eating, touring may be hard while vowels another country with a pocket sized dictionary. For example, trying to get to a museum or restaurant without the knowledge of the language is hard.To find a person that lives there, who an give one directions to how to get to a place is going to take a very long time with basic words and dictionaries. Speaking many languages gives the advantage of being able to travel around without a translator. This also applies when watching a movie or TV show. If your favorite TV show is a Spanish soap opera, having the knowledge and being able to speak fluently will save a lot of time when watching the program or movie and makes everyday activities a slightly easier than before. We will write a custom essay sample on Being Multilingual or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Park 2 Making friends is hard in a new country, especially when you cannot speak their engage.When living in a foreign country, being able to communicate with others is crucial. Not only because you can make friends or you can get around the country, but because you need to know what they are saying Is a bad word or what you said to them Is Insulting and you did not know that. For example, If some random person was to rob you, and you did not know what was going on, big problems can pop up. Using language skills can also help ones communication skills. Therefore having a travel buddy that you Just made and knows the country well will be an advantage to our travels. Friends in new countries can be beneficial because next time one visits they will have a place to stay or a friend to eat lunch with and vice versa. When having the ability to speak two or more languages, It can be very useful and beneficial when looking and applying for a Job. In Canada, being able to speak French fluently can help one get a good government Job in Canada. For example working at the embassy in Canada, speaking French is crucial. Speaking different languages are good for government Jobs but are also useful for other Jobs that require another engage, for example a teaching job or a travel agent.Not only Is this skill good for Jobs In Canada, but Jobs In other countries. Working around the world Is not the only a Job with the skills of speaking many languages will make Job searching stress free. Park 3 Overall, being multilingual will benefit you. Speaking different languages can help with work related skills, easy traveling and more social benefits. This skill will help with daily tasks and activities that make life a lot easier and enjoyable. If you want an easier life in the future, I suggest you start going to language school NOW!

A Worn Path by Eudora Weltey Essay Example For Students

A Worn Path by Eudora Weltey Essay A Worn Path is a short story that was written by Eudora Weltey. This story was about a little old black lady named Phoenix Jackson who lived way back in the piney woods with her grandson. And every time he ran out of his medication, she would walk a long journey to the nearest town to the clinic to get it for him. There are different types of symbolism portrayed in this story, one of which would be phoenix bird symbolism. There werent many examples of this type of symbolism in the story but one was when she sees in the horizon what appears to be a tall skinny one armed black man, dancing in the wind. As she got closer to it she thought it was a ghost and then she finally realized that it was a scarecrow, dancing in the wind. After she realized this she said she would dance with him in the wind. Another form of phoenix bird symbolism is when she speaks to all of the animals in the forest telling them not to interrupt her journey and not get underneath her feet while she is walking. Another type of symbolism portrayed in the story would be Christian symbolism. Now Christian symbolism, can just be an act of kindness, on example is the white man that she runs into on the way, who tells her to go back home and not go to town. Another is when she asks the woman in town to tie her shoes and the woman does. Also when the bird flies over her and the white mans head she says god is watching her because she stole his nickel that fell out of his pocket. When she gets to the clinic they give her the medicine for her grandson and tell her that its Christmas time and ask her if she would like for them to give her some change. She replies with five pennies is a nickel, they give her a nickel and she returns the favor by giving them the nickel she picked up off of the ground. These are some of the forms of symbolism, from Eudora Welteys story A Worn Path.

Care About Children Essays - Dave Pelzer, Bullying, Abuse

Care About Children We who have been entrusted with the education and care of children are obligated to go "above and beyond" when it comes to looking out for their welfare. Educators and administrators have no recourse but to look beyond the surface, investigate if necessary, and protect the children to whom we have made ourselves responsible. Dave Pelzer, who is currently an advocate for abused children, has written a compelling three book series detailing his own life as an abused child and the aftereffects of his abuse. His case was the third worst case of child abuse on record in the state of California. (Pelzer, 1995, 168) Pelzer's mother was an alcoholic who was both physically and emotionally abusive to him. What made this a terrible situation more unique was that the mother did not abuse her other four children. Only Dave was the target of her hatred. Pelzer's father, also an alcoholic, who ignored his wife's abusive tendencies, even though he secretly indicated to his son that he did not condone it, compounded the abusive behavior. The father's silence served to validate the mother's actions. Pelzer's teachers and administrators also maintained silence, thus compounding his feeling of isolation. These events occurred during the 1960's and early 1970's, so the behavior of both Pelzer's father and his educators was not unusual. Physical discipline was more accepted during that time than it is now. Pelzer was rescued from his mother's cruelty in 1973 by a school nurse and counselor, after dealing with her extreme abuse for almost ten years. His teachers and administrators had for years seen him attend school in rags, unwashed, often with bruises and abrasions, but as stated earlier, these were different times. When the school nurse determined she could no longer stand by and accept this abusive behavior, she saw to it that county services was contacted. Pelzer goes on to relate how his emotional damage contributed to his moving often between foster homes. He never felt adequate, and these feelings of inadequacy compounded Pelzer's problems and anxieties that children in foster homes normally feel. Pelzer speaks of his first marriage ending in failure, due mostly to his lack of ability to trust and effectively communicate with his wife. His adult life has been built around raising his son in as healthy and environment as possible. He speaks repeatedly of wanting to ensure the cycle of abuse does not continue through him. His second marriage has been a close-knit partnership, with trust and open lines of communication. The purpose in recounting so much information in Pelzer's books is to remind us that we, as educators, must take our responsibilities as caretakers of children with the highest degree of importance. Even though child abuse is abhorrent, it can be stopped and, as in the case of Dave Pelzer, through discipline and hard work, the cycle of abuse can be broken. Although these abusive types of parents are thankfully in the minority, they do exist. It is therefore imperative that we maintain awareness of any unusual circumstances we may notice concerning our children. Reclusive behavior, unexplained bruises or other marks, unattended physical hygiene, or violent outbursts should be cause for concern. (Gestwicki, 435) This is not to say that we should become paranoid and report every child with a bruise as a victim of abuse. We should, however, be aware of unusual mannerisms or circumstances and act when we feel we have a right to be concerned. Documenting any suspicions and findings is essential. This can uncover any trends or patterns that may exist. Keep in mind that children will often cover up for and attempt to protect abusive parents. This is also a huge load for a child to bear; the responsibility of "taking care of" a parent who is abusive is an excessive burden. (Somers, 62) Valerie Bivens, a social worker in California, stresses that most of us are unaware of the extent of child abuse. Often instances of abuse go unreported, and the child may turn their anger against themselves or others, continuing the cycle of abuse. (Pelzer, 1995, 171) Over three million cases of child abuse were reported in 1996, and nearly one third of that number were substantiated cases. (Gestwicki, 435) Claudia Black stated that children who are abused would normally have feelings of low self-worth. Those who should be loved and trusted abuse them; therefore these children do not feel safe or protected. (Somers, 33) Compounding our concerns even more are studies that show that teachers, contract workers, and other school employees are

Medical Sonography Essays

Medical Sonography Essays Medical Sonography Paper Medical Sonography Paper Medical sonography or ultrasound scanning or ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive diagnostic tool which employs high-frequency sound waves to produce pictures of various organs and structures inside the body. The images obtained by this method are captured real-time, thus showing movement, structure and blood flow of the internal organs. The equipment used for sonography is known as ultrasound scanner. It consists of a console, a video display unit and a transducer. The console is made up of computer and electronics. Through the transducer, it is possible to send high frequency inaudible sound waves into the parts of the body in small pulses. These sound waves bounce back when they reach tissues, producing a change in the pitch and direction of the sound. The transducer picks up the change in the waves and creates a real-time image on the monitor. The shape, size and consistency of the part of the body are based on the echoed waves (Patient UK, 2006). Medical sonography differs from radiography and computed tomography which use X-rays for image acquisition. It also differs from magnetic resonance imaging which employs magnetic fields to visualize organs and tissues. In contrast-enhanced ultrasound or CEUS, certain microbubble contrast agents like microbubble shell and microbubble gas core are injected intravenously to produce echogenecity difference between gas in the microbubbles and soft tissue surroundings of the body (Patient UK, 2006). Medical sonography has a place in diagnosing many conditions. It is useful in obstetrics to assess the wellbeing of the fetus and to look into any abnormalities of the fetus, placenta and adjacent organs. It is useful to diagnose gall bladder disease, evaluate thyroid gland and also evaluate various abdominal and pelvic organs. In the newborn, cranial ultrasound helps detect hemorrhages and fluid accumulations in the brain. Sonography is useful to guide needle biopsies, diagnose some forms of infections and cancers and reveal certain abnormalities of the scrotum and the prostate. Sonography is also useful to study the heart and look at fluid accumulations around the lungs (Patient UK, 2006). Non-physician professionals who perform sonography are known as sonographers and vascular technologists. Vascular technologists are those sonographers who are specialists in performing imaging of blood vessels (Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 2009). To become a diagnostic medical sonographer, there are many programs in Comprehensive Diagnostic Medical Sonography which vary in length from one to four years. The duration of the course is dependent on the degree or certificate awarded. It is advisable to follow the minimum curriculum and education standards as recognized by the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. The courses can be done in consultation with Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 2009). Although no obvious risks have been identified with ultrasound scanning the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine warns against the possibility of biological effects of scanning which may be identified in future (Wood, 2008). Even the American College of Radiology and The United States Food and Drug Administration warn against casual exposure to ultrasound especially during pregnancy. There are also concerns about possible thermal and mechanical damage to the fetus caused by sound waves which has led to the ALARA principle of exposure, meaning, the sonologists expose the fetus to As Low As Reasonably Achievable doses of sound waves (Wiseman and Kiehl, 2007). Those who want to become sonographers must meet some technical standards. The sonographers must be able to lift, push and pull more than 50 pounds routinely (Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 2009). They must be able to bend and stoop routinely. They must be able to distinguish audible sounds and must be able to use hands, wrists and shoulders. The sonographers must be able to distinguish colors properly. For the kind of job they do, they may need to work standing on their feet 80% of the time (Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 2009). Sonographers must interact effectively and in a compassionate manner with the ill patients and those who are injured. They must be able to communicate effectively with patients and other health professionals. They must assist patients while getting on and getting off the examining tables. Sonographers must be able to proceed the test in a sequence manner. Sonographers have some professional responsibilities too. They must elicit accurate patient history and obtain proper patient information. They must be able to analyze technical information and perform diagnostic procedures and obtain the images. Sonographers must be able to exert independent judgment while extending the scope of a procedure. They must provide a verbal or written summary of the findings of the procedure to the physician to help arrive at a diagnosis (Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography, 2009). References Patient UK. (2006). Ultrasound Scan. Retrieved on 14th April, 2009 from patient. co. uk/showdoc/27000373/ Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonography. (2009). So you want to be a sonographer. Retrieved on 14th April, 2009 from sdms. org/career/career. asp Wiseman, C. S. , and Kiehl, E. M. (2007). Picture Perfect: Benefits and Risk of Fetal 3D Ultrasound. MCN, The American Journal of Maternal and Child Nursing, 32(2), 102- 109. Wood, D. (2008). New Dimensions in Prenatal Ultrasound: 3D and 4D. Retrieved on 14th April, 2009 from swedish. org/17337. cfm

ENG DB 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ENG DB 5 - Essay Example In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, Hawthorne presents the idea that the Puritan religion, because of these beliefs, has lost all sense of meaning to the younger generations. In his journey through the dark woods and the events he witnesses there, Goodman Brown’s steps symbolize Hawthorne’s own doubts and observations about his religion based on his knowledge of what has gone before and the inevitable result of the Puritanical teachings he’s been part of. As Young Goodman Brown sets off on his dark journey, his young wife Faith implores him not to go, sensing some kind of immediate peril. The emphasis on young here indicates the journey Goodman Brown is proposing to undertake is a journey to find the necessary conversion experience deemed important in the Puritan religion of Hawthorne’s time. Without having gone through such a transformation, individual members were not considered to be full-fledged members of the congregation. As a newly married man, it would be among Goodman Brown’s chief concerns to establish himself as a member of the community and take his proper role as the head of a household. Yet, the fear expressed by Faith indicates there is a hidden peril in undertaking such a journey. Her warning, â€Å"may you find all well when you come back† (293), seems to indicate the peril does not apply strictly to Goodman Brown as he sets off on his journey, but for Faith as well in being left behind, alone in the darkness. The sense of foreboding in testing his own faith is further emphasized as Goodman Brown enters the forest â€Å"on his present evil purpose. He had taken a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind† (294). In this solitary journey, Hawthorne indicates that the doctrine of purposefully seeking challenges to a faith already weakened by church dictates is a highly dangerous proposition with the

Don't Let Your Baby Blues Go Code Red & Sometimes It's Better Just to Coursework

Don't Let Your Baby Blues Go Code Red & Sometimes It's Better Just to Do Less Harm - Coursework Example For example, stories of Lindsay Lohan going to rehab due to drug abuse was highly publicized and people followed closely her treatment process. In the same way, when Brooke Shield wrote about her battle with postpartum depression, the topic generated a lot of public opinion. According to Brody, although postpartum depression is experienced by approximately 20 percent of women, many of these women do not get treatment for this condition (7). I agree with the observation that very few women seek treatment for postpartum depression, mainly because such women are afraid of being branded as bad mothers. As Brody writes, no mother wishes to have experience postpartum depression (7). Rather, the risk factors for postpartum depression include such experiences as complicated labor, problems with a previous pregnancy, and lack of support from family and friends (7). In my opinion, all the cited risk factors are legit considering that such experiences can cause a person develop certain fears especially towards the baby and may even hurt the baby unwillingly, thus the need for psychotherapy services to enable new mothers deal with the postpartum phase. Appearing in the New York Times, â€Å"Sometimes It’s Better Just To Do Less Harm† is an article by Richard Friedman which addresses the hard decisions that doctors have to make with regard to treatment, in terms of trying to risk lesser harm for the purpose of avoiding greater harm (5). Friedman seems to be of the opinion that the first rule of â€Å"do no damage† is not at all times applicable. I hold a similar opinion considering that in some instances, such as being forced to amputate a completely shuttered hand is considerably lesser harm than risking an infection of the entire arm. Friedman proceeds to give an example of Larry, an overweight smoker who has tried quitting smoking but has failed (5). When Larry talks to his doctor about smoking, he speaks in such a dreamy tone, telling of how

Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vietnam War - Essay Example Between the years 1950 to 1965, a series of steps were taken by the United States, which resulted in the incremental entrance of the United States in the Vietnam War. ** A number of efforts have been made to understand and evaluate the causes and grounds of the commencement of Vietnam War, which has yet not been clearly defined. One of the reasons of this confusion is the numerous starting dates of the Vietnam War, which perplex the exact entrance of the United States into the war, and thus, the basic cause of the Vietnam War, which engulfed millions of lives and deteriorated thousands of homes in the country. (Friedman, pp. 49-56) Mainly, it has been observed that Vietnam confronted the opposition of every president that came on the seat in the United States, which has not allow the soothing of war conditions in the Vietnam. Secondly, the communism was not accepted by any of the presidency. In other words, the political leaders of the foreign powers considered the communism as the enemy of everything, and thus, Vietnam confronted a lot of criticism and opposition from the United States government. At some places, an infectious ailment was related w ith the communism by some of the major political leaders of that time. In the year 1949, when the China was influenced with the power of the Communist Party, it was felt by the American leaders that the next Asian domino would be the Vietnam. Thus, one of the causes of the American assistance to the French administration and the French Corps was the fear that was felt by the American leaders, and especially, the American President at that time. (Friedman, pp. 23-27) The Vietnam conflict was encouraged and supported by most of the U.S. presidents, but in bits. This results in the creation of a disinterest against the withdrawal from the conflict region. It was believed by the

The Currently Undergoing Change In Business Commerce Essay

The Currently Undergoing Change In Business Commerce Essay All organizations that are currently undergoing some kind of change.  Many of these programs on the changes resulting from management practices, such as culture change, business process engineering, empowerment and quality of the whole.  Other initiatives, the changes are dependent on the needs of the organization to reposition the face of changing competitive conditions.   A good example is the ongoing process of change at Marks Spencer.  Strategic Change The term is usually reserved for such initiatives.  These transitions are often related radicals in the organization, which includes strategy, structure, systems, processes and culture.  Success in implementing strategic change in organizations is poor.  Many simply do not understand that the implementation (which is actually turning plans into reality), and not the wording that is difficult.  To the strategic objective becomes a reality, it is necessary to change the way people behave in organizations. This will require more restructuring and new systems.   Background of change   Faster pace of change is the starting point.  Sure, companies live in times of change, indeed, more turbulent age than ever.  But what was true for many years.  What happened to that last, managers realized that without changes in not only miss opportunities, can kill or paralyze society.  Even if an organization indulges in finally change may be too late to prevent continual arthritis of the company.   Marks Spencer has been horribly damaged, not only by his lawyer about the size of its reserves, but by managing cattle demonstrated that corresponds to unravel.  M S, after serving what turned out to be a strong reflection of heavy blows of its reputation and profits fell by a few weak sales.   The worst thing is that Suns statistics were accompanied by anecdotal evidence bad choice of clothing for women, lack of resources, attractive shops which confirmed that the problems were not resolved.  M S knew that he needed the conversion to a retailer who fleet feet, a magnet for vendors and managers, and a dynamic leader in the field of fashion.  But M S was never one of those three things.   During the long reign of dominance Rick Greenbury, the consolidated unnecessary functions from the past: from top to bottom, slowly and deeply conservative.   Description of changes in the organization   The process of change can be difficult,  may be slow and painful.  People by nature do not like change.  Companies naturally do not like change.  The question is whether we want to drive the implementation of strategic changes in our business, how much pain we are ready to commit to adopting means for change?   We must first ask the reasons for changes in the business environment?  There are four modes of changes that may occur in any company and be seen as the primary cause. The theory of change management   Managing change in the tradition of organizational development, considers the organization of social systems, and therefore relates to humanistic element in conjunction with the mechanics of the organization.  The aim is to improve the efficiency and prosperity by facilitating the organization of the development process so that eventually the organization is able to solve their problems and adjust if necessary. Therefore, in order to implement effective change, the scientist-physician must be able to adapt and apply appropriate rules to the current situation.   Familiar models for inclusion in our theories in use were selected for their usefulness, adaptation and integration of members of the organization.  They are listed below.   Planned changes to the model of Lewin (1951)   These changes in the oldest and most fundamental are that Lewins change model.  It consists of three stages: melting, movement and refreezing.  The publication is to reduce the peacekeeping forces of organizational behaviour.  The movement involves moving behaviour of the organization and re-freezing is to stabilize the new state.  Lewins saw a change in behaviour of sources in the organization.  These forces are trying to maintain the standard and those who fought for change.   Model of action research   The classical model of action research focuses on the planned changes as an iterative process in which a preliminary examination on the organization is a way for future research and future needs.  Search in the initial phase is estimated to guide research.   The model focuses on the massive data collection and identification prior to any action taking place and a careful evaluation later.  Emphasis is placed on the organization and work with your doctor to change all stages of the process.   Business model is based on the most current research approach to planned change and is often considered synonymous with the IP (Cummings and Worley, 2005)   Kotter Model   According to Kotter, the plans should be established to develop appropriate stages, achievable and measurable changes, while engaging, enable and facilitate the participation of people as quickly and as openly as possible (Kotter, 1995, p. 2-3).   Changes must be realistic, achievable and measurable (Kotter, 1995, p. 6).  These aspects are particularly relevant to management and changes in individual groups.  Prior to the organizational changes, the organization must determine what it wants to achieve with this change, why and how he knows that change is achieved.  It is the address that is affected by this change and how they will react.  Finally, how changes in the organization are able to achieve alone and what aspects of the changes he needs a specialist or outside help to achieve.   Intervention   Our diagnosis, offer interventions to deal with errors or problems and help Marks and Spencer in competition with other organizations.  This list, which is not exhaustive credits towards a cultural change, but taking into account the wider context, which is defined at the beginning of the quantitative changes in corporate strategy are required.  Therefore, the intervention process, which includes culture change, would be best suited for this case.   Transformational change   Transformational change is a relatively new organizational change.  Is concerned about radical change and is essentially change the way the organization is perceived both internally and externally and how it works.   This type of change would be particularly relevant to the case of Marks and Spencer, as it must radically change the way you operate in a competitive environment.   Culture change   The concept of organizational culture has brought a lot of research and culture, many models have been developed to define measure and observe the culture.  However, little consensus about the nature of culture or to understand.  Nevertheless, culture has become a very important part of the organization and activities covering a culture change have increased sharply.   Schein (1990), Millward (2005) model of culture is one of the most commonly used, consists of four layers at different levels of consciousness.  In the centre of the basic assumptions (unconscious, reactions uncontested guide), values (this is important) and norms (how to behave), and finally, artefacts (observable behaviours and procedures).   This metaphor of culture cannot hope to capture all the elements of organizational culture, it is a useful tool in the study.   Need for change To understand how organizations respond to the need for change, we must examine the organizational processes and management, organization transformation through additions, deletions or changes to the resource base leads to the attainment of these processes of change.  We need to know not only what the organization which markets will come, how fast they grow, but how they do it.   Factors that determine the need for strategic change   Organizations usually in response to changes in the external environment, as well as the development of competitive advantages in the organization.  External environmental factors, including:   Social factors Such as changes in demographics and purchasing habits of consumers. Legal factors Legal pressures that force organizations to comply with the law changes, for example, in response to environmental legislation.   Economic factors Relate to the booms and declines in economic activity in general, changes in interest rates, inflation, etc.   Political factors These are related to wider policy changes for example the government to take a particular line of the privatization / role of government in society.   Technological factors Technological aspects of technological advances such as developing new methods based on point of sale by the company.   In addition to these factors, he slept a significant impact on the organization, making competition.   Slept analysis is an analysis of the major changes in the environment of the organization.  This is sometimes called environmental scanning.  Managing change is a key aspect of how the organization responds to changes in an appropriate manner.   Todays managers believe that in the future, organizations need more leaders who can use the talents of the organization in achieving its objectives, the development of a culture that believes change as an opportunity rather than a threat, regularly invent the organization, effectively  planning and implementing change.  To succeed in this environment, managers have to do the right things in the existing well-defined procedures and limitations.  Predictable and stable environment reduces the need to mobilize the organizations capacity, flexibility, creativity and innovation.   The environment has changed radically, and successful organizations and their managers   should behave differently.  Managers in todays environment are needed to  transformation of the organization, to develop good relationships with internal and external  stakeholders, run horizontally and vertically, and not the entire culture lines  enable employees and the development of networks and alliances. Stakeholders in developing a strategy change   Stakeholders are those who have direct interest in the organization and may be beneficial, and harmful to the organization if not properly treated if a policy is adopted in order to keep the company and they should also participate in company affairs and decision making.  The system is planned in this direction in which we can pass our message to all actors in society and be in the best interest of the latter.  Some of it is also relevant for people who do not want to change or resist change.  The behaviour of these people also consider. Resistance to change Responses to organizational change initiatives are no different.  In the beginning there is a small proportion of the early adopters those who want to participate, because I just changed a breakthrough that will lead to better conditions.  Most of the people affected by the initiative of the changes will be far less enthusiastic than the early adopters, but over time they will eventually accept and adjust to it.  Finally, the group will not be very resilient, many of whom will never adapt to the changes in place.  This range of behaviour results from a normal distribution.  It is a natural phenomenon intuitively understood by most managers of change.  Unfortunately, though perhaps unconsciously, to understand the phenomenon, these managers often do not use this knowledge to better organize an effective change.   The aim is to adopt the first to develop their support and consciously use their influence to speed up the most reluctant to change.  It is important to understand that they do not reflect the impact of hierarchical position.  Leaders are natural leaders and respected functional experts who are well connected.  They are nodes in the social, business, politics and communications networks, and their sphere of influence goes beyond the scope of their parent organization.  While these influential illustrate its support for the changes, they are a marketing tool more powerful than any message issued by the office of managing change.   Strategies should be performed on the leaders of high or medium, the goal is to transform them into the first users, and use its influence over the end of the interest or commitment.  For those who cannot be pulled forward or to the small force, aims to accelerate the speed of their adaptation to help them better understand and prepare for the consequences of change.   It is also focusing on people who are able to adapt, but because of its unique combination of knowledge, skills or abilities, but a significant contribution.   Some people will be unwilling or unable to adapt to change.  They are already able to demonstrate their acceptance and respect for a change, otherwise, may suffer the consequences clear.  Include initiatives that will affect change, how it will affect them and what their reactions might be important for the success of the strategy changes.   When an organization brings new things about people, there will be problems. Participation, involvement and open, early, full communication are important factors.   How to tell change to people The workshops are very useful process to develop a common understanding, methods, principles, methods, systems, ideas, etc.   Surveys are useful to repair the damage and lack of trust among employees if you allow people to fill them out anonymously, and provided that publish and implement the findings.  You cannot force change individuals and teams must have the right to seek their own solutions and responses, the facilitation and management support, tolerance and compassion for managers and executives.  Management style and leadership behaviour are more important than intelligence and the political process.  Employees must have confidence in the organization.   A leader must listen to and work with these ideas, or change can be very painful, and soon will be lost in the process.   You may also find that the main problem is the resistance of the people and defence of someone who is in the organization, what you do.  After this challenge, you can begin to compare what is happening with what the organization intends to do (mission, values, goals, priorities, targets, key performance indicators, process measures), as people feel things (marketing, maintenance workers, morale and attitudes  ) as well as customers and suppliers feel too much (in fact, go out and find clients and former clients in particular).   Follow the protocol is very difficult you have properly with people and explain who you are and what you do.  Be polite.  Respect the people more than usual; because they are sensitive, it is understandable.   The framework for change management at Marks Spencer   Marks Spencer has been under pressure to change the external economic factors and not yet answered correctly.  It is for this reason that the approach proposed amendment is necessary to initiate and implement change is being driven by the management of physician (s).   Using current models and theories of change management in the organization development, proposed a framework for planned changes that could be used by Marks Spencer.   Context of Changing   First, in the context of the situation to be addressed in order to develop appropriate methods of change.  This can be done in three dimensions:   The volume changes   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Incremental change to solve specific problems such as lack of communication and low customer satisfaction   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quantum amendment to change the basic functioning of organizations, including the structure and culture   Degree of organization   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Over-organized where policies are too rigid for effective action due to poor communication, conflict avoidance, etc.   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sub-structured where there is too little regulation for the effective operation due to lack of direction and coordination structure.   Domestic vs International   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cultural differences, especially between Eastern and Western societies, for example, Asian countries tend to be hierarchical and North America deal with individuality.  It can be difficult to implement change, which encourages openness among employees when it is not viewed positively.   In the case of Marks and Spencer, the magnitude of change is that major changes in the quantum of culture, structure and strategy must be addressed.  They will be included in the applied intervention.  They are also highly organized society with the management system now that he is honoured to be part of the overall problem.  Although the system successfully in the past, is steeped in ancient culture and able to adapt to a redesigned image of Marks Spencer.  Therefore, the process of change at Marks Spencer will focus on softening of the structure.  General review, Marks Spencer, will be treated as a citizen of the operation of this case, since closed down its operations in Europe and North America sold its franchise stores in Hong Kong.   The model change is composed of seven steps to help developers to the key issues of transformation.  Activities focus on people, leadership, trust, vision, empowerment, celebration and institutionalization.  Despite the emerging linear stages can occur simultaneously.  Effective communication is the mortar.  There must be open and honest communication in every step of the process, and communication needs to combine these steps together.  Nothing can destroy the effort to change sooner or permanently, that poor communication.   Here are the steps for effective transition.   Assessment and solve human problems   Contractor changes need to invest time and effort to understand the problems of people does not appear in place of those who suffered, and then practice the golden rule of treating others as they would be treated.   Exercise strong leadership in the organization   Without strong leadership, positive change will not.  Leadership can no longer be the domain of a few organizations all the staff responsible should do what it takes to achieve organizational goals.  This is especially true when change must occur.  Many must step in and assume leadership.  Spreading leadership and decision-making responsibilities, inspires and motivates everyone to play a role in implementing the changes.   Building trust in the leadership   Confidence is simply the belief that it would suffer if threatened.  Obviously, the level of mutual trust between labour and management or between supervisors and subordinates affects the health of the organization.   Clearly articulate the vision to all   If you want to change, please explain the reason and purpose of fundamental change. People cannot have a real idea of where the organization is or what problems it faces. You have to tell them.  They need to understand the purpose for the desired result.  Be prepared to answer these questions: What is the problem?  Who said that?  What happens if you do not change?   Creating an helpful environment Organizations can do everything possible to prepare the ground for change in response to the concerns of people in order to demonstrate strong leadership, building trust, formulating a vision all, that is, but to create an environment to enable success.   Honest answer is that you can get almost as much as you want to manage anything else of a turbulent, messy, chaotic nature, it is not really manage it, talk with her.  It is a question of leadership is one of management skills.   The first thing to do is jump in. You cannot do something outside.   A clear sense of mission or purpose is essential.  A simple mission, the better.   Building a team that can work hard and one of them is the team leader. Pick people with relevant skills and high energy levels.  Youll need two.   Set flexible priorities.  You must have the ability to drop what youre doing and tend to something more important.   Treat everything as a temporary measure.   Ask for volunteers.  You will be surprised that arises.  You will be pleasantly surprised what you can do.   Find a good boss or team leader and stay in his way.   Conclusion   In concluding this report, we can say that effective reforms introduced to the strategy are to maximize the huge returns if these changes are well managed.   In this report, and Spencer takes on the characters thinking and different models are also discussed to show the strategic shift from Marks Spencer, which is a leading company in the UK, but suffered from some activities for that has to change, and finally models Kotter and Lewins,  a representative of the role of stakeholders that their existence in the affairs of the company is very necessary to be able to join in their decisions and At last appropriate model is also developed, which will provide guidance for better performance. Dont Do Change for the Sake of Change Do Change to Enhance Organizational Performance

Blooms Taxonomy :: essays research papers

Bloom’s Taxonomy is the higher order of thinking. Imagine a pyramid; to get to the top, you must first finish what is on the bottom. Bloom’s Taxonomy is divided into 6 different sections, each one specifying what skills are being demonstrated. The first and easiest block is knowledge. In knowledge you observe and recall of information, knowledge of dates, events, places, major ideas, and of subject matter. Some clues to identify knowledge is if it asks or you list, define, tell, describe, identify, show, label, collect, examine, tabulate, quote, name, who, when, where. The second step would be comprehension. Comprehension consist of understanding information, grasp meaning, translate knowledge into new context, interpret facts, compare, contrast, order, group, infer causes, predict consequences. Keywords to spot Comprehension would be: summarize, describe, interpret, contrast, predict, associate, distinguish, estimate, differentiate, discuss, and extend. Layer number thre e is Application. This is where it starts to get harder. Application involves using information, methods, concepts, and theories in new situations, solving problems using required skills or knowledge. Look out for these words to help you identify application: apply, demonstrate, calculate, complete, illustrate, show, solve, examine, modify, relate, change, classify, experiment, and discover. Step four is Analysis. Analysis involves seeing patterns, organization of parts, recognition of hidden meanings, identification of components. Question Cues: analyze, separate, order, explain, connect, classify, arrange, divide, compare, select, explain, and infer. The second to the last step, Synthesis, is hard, because now not only do the questions have to be answered for this, but the other steps should be done as well, to be able to fully understand. The elements that contribute to synthesis are: use old ideas to create new ones, generalize from given facts, relate knowledge from several are as, predict, and draw conclusions. Clue words include combine, integrate, modify, rearrange, substitute, plan, create, design, invent, what it?

Meeting at Night and Parting at Morning Commentary Essay

In the two poems, â€Å"Meeting at Night† and â€Å"Parting at Morning†, Robert Browning tells about the meeting of two lovers at night who are in love with each other. In order to meet the woman, the man undergoes a long journey through the sea and land. However, even after all this trouble, he must be secretive because they are not allowed to see each other. The second poem, however, tells of the very next day, when the man leaves the woman and seems to move on. Browning structures these two poems in order to give the reader a better understanding of the meaning of the poem. At the beginning of the poem, the man seemingly recounts his journey, briefly describing his surroundings as he passes them, noting any possible significance they may have to him. Browning incorporates alliteration at the end of each line in this poem, as he passed through â€Å"the long black land† and saw the moon â€Å"large and low,† creating the image of the environment which the man passes through. The use of the word â€Å"long† describes his lengthy trip on land, while the moon lying â€Å"large and low† in the sky tells of the time of his travel, the moon is low because he is traveling late into the night. Browning employs the ensuing alliteration serves the purpose of describing the journey through the senses. The â€Å"pushing prow† of his movement and â€Å"the slushy sand,† which absorbed each step describes the purpose the man walked with as he walked across the â€Å"sea-scented beach. † Browning is able to paint the man’s expedition through these alliterations. An interesting note of structure I found in this poem is that each stanza could be read from the last line up to the middle line (as opposed to the regular way of reading). By doing so, the reader can understand the poem better as the man reaches his ultimate destination of love in the center of each poem. In the first stanza, the woman is described with a synecdoche through her hair as â€Å"fiery ringlets from their sleep† and â€Å"startled little waves that leap. † This could mean that her hair was her most defining feature, according to her lover (the man). In the second stanza, the woman is described as a â€Å"voice less loud† and a â€Å"quick sharp scratch† coming from within the house. This can be inferred through Browning’s use of soft, feminine words. The use of the words â€Å"less loud† could possibly allude to the fact that the two lovers are not allowed to see each other, making this meeting a secret one. The â€Å"quick sharp scratch† resembles that of a small, peephole in the door which the woman looks through in order to ensure the identity of the man. When reading â€Å"Meeting at Night† the reader must also consider the poem â€Å"Parting at Morning† as they relate to one another. Although they can both be read separately, reading them together leaves the reader with a different understanding, as â€Å"Parting at Morning† provides a different ending, a different resolution to the two lover’s secret meeting. The use of anaphora in this short, one stanza poem indicates excitement in the man as he looks on to â€Å"a path of gold† leading to â€Å"a world of men† as â€Å"the sun looked over the mountain’s rim. This could indicate that the man was moving forward from his time with the woman and looking forward to setting sail onto lands unknown, with the promise of gold. This is due to the fact that it was general sailor’s belief that women were bad luck on ships, and therefore was generally unwelcome. The words â€Å"cape,† â€Å"sea,† and â€Å"strait† evoke images of the sea, as they are all bodies of water, and therefore allude to the man being a sailor (which wasn’t as specified in â€Å"Meeting at Night†).

Modern American vs. Japanese Animation essays

Modern American vs. Japanese Animation essays Modern American and Japanese animation, both have their beauty and distinct features. The American style however has a much crisper and nicer quality to it. Japanese style, or Anime, has a much more sharp and quick quality. The plots of American and Japanese animation also differ from each other. Modern American animation has this nicer, cleaner quality because of the time spent on it and a high budget. This has all been made possible because of one name in particular, Walt Disney. When Walt Disney came on to the animation scene he brought magic to the television and to the silver screen. There are plenty of other names that had an extraordinary effect on the American style of animation, but Disney put the final touches on it. It could be said that he is responsible in making cartoons as popular as it is now. When his first motion picture Snow White and the Seven Dwarves premiered in 1937, the history of animation was changed forever. This movie set the standards for the American style of animation. Snow White and the Seven Dwarves appeared as a cartoon, but gave off a very life-like, natural feel to it. Though one would never a dwarf walking around, Snow White was a very humanly proportioned, and looking character. Disney created very clean, colorful, and lively c haracters that distinguish American style of animation from that of Anime. The strokes of the pen, or lines, that American animations use, are smooth, curvaceous and careful. It gives the images a sense of consistent fluidity. These fluid lines give the characters a more natural, organic feel and look to them. This also allows for a wide range of facial expressions, expressions to those of humans. With smooth curved lines, animators can show happy, sad, angry, surprised, and scared expressions. The results and solutions are endless. American animators have to pay specific attention to detail and make sure they dont leave the slightest thing out. ...

Syntax

Syntax Introduction to semantic roles Semantic roles are parts that participants play in certain circumstances (Dang Palmer, 2005, p.42). They express the relationship that a constituent has with the rest of the clause. The main verbs in a clause are normally responsible for expressing this relationship. Semantic roles include; agents, patients, location, instruments, causer, experiencer, theme, benefactee, source, and goal (2005, p.43).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Syntax-Semantic Roles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An agent is the participant that the verb describes as doing or intentionally causing something (Gildea Jurafsky, 2002,p.249). Kim ate the food hurriedly. The boy hit the wall. In the sentences above, Kim and the boy are the agents. Kim does the act of eating while the boy intentionally hits the wall. The causer, on the other hand, is the participant that the verb identifies as causing someth ing but not intentionally (Gildea Jurafsky, 2002,p.250). In the examples shown below, the stone does not have any intention to destroy the house; neither does the fire in burning the crops. The stone destroyed the house.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fire burnt the crops. According to Gildea and Jurafsky (2002, p.250), the instrument is the medium which the agent uses to carry out the action the predicator denotes. The bat in the sentence below is the instrument. Humphrey hit the ball with a bat. The experiencer is the participant who is aware of something or experiencing something. This participant is normally animate and unintentionally perceives sensory stimuli or state of mind (Gildea Jurafsky, 2002, p.251). The student felt uncomfortable in church. The student unintentionally feels bad while in church. The patient is the participant to whom an actio n happens (Gildea, Jurafsky, 2002,p.249). The action that the verb denotes affects the patient. In the sentence â€Å"The boy hit the ball,† The ball is the patient because the action of hitting affects it directly.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Syntax-Semantic Roles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gildea and Jurafsky (2002, p.249) define a theme as the participant whom the verb describes as being dynamic or in a state or position. â€Å"Post† is the theme in this sentence. The post rolled into the river. The Recipient is an endpoint of the act of transferring an item (Gildea Jurafsky, 2002, p.249). John is the recipient in this sentence. He receives a letter from Amos. Amos sent a letter to John. The Benefactee is the participant who benefits from the results of an action (Gildea Jurafsky, 2002, p.249). John is a benefactee in this sentence. John benefits from the act of buying the sh irt. I bought a nice shirt for John. Location is normally a noun phrase that specifies the position of an item (Gildea Jurafsky, 2002,p.250). A location verb normally accompanies the agent in specifying this position. In the sentence, â€Å"Jim put his books on the table.† â€Å"Put† is the verb of location while the table is the location.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The source is the participant from which motion originates. It is, therefore, the starting point of a movement or action (Gildea Jurafsky, 2002, p.250). When someone says, â€Å"We expect to get a loan from the bank.† Then â€Å"the bank† becomes the source in this sentence. Gildea and Jurafsky (2002, p.249) define the goal as the destination or the end point of a movement or an action. The bank is the goal in the sentence below since the participants direct their action towards the bank. We took the director to the bank to withdraw money for the salaries. Semantic roles and Passive constructions The GB theory argues that there is a similarity in both active and passive constructions (Black, 1999, p.29). According to this theory, the semantic roles of the lexicons in the sentence can help bring out these similarities in active and passive constructions. This means every constituent has a semantic role and an extra role for the subject (1999, p.30). The theory further observes that some verbs do not give a semantic role to the position of the subject. The GB theory also proposes that forms that relate to each other share a sub categorization frame and, therefore, there ought not to be cross linking of semantic roles and syntactic categories. This means that it is a crime to assign the theme to both the subject and the object in entries that relate to each other (1999). Black (1999, p.30) argues that the theme is always the direct object while the indirect object is always the recipient. Another assumption allows an item to move out of a position but forbids the replacement of another item in that position (Black, 1999, p.30). This, therefore, means, the semantic role remains in its former position and does not move with the outgoing phrase. The semantic role is, therefore, a constituent of the lexical sub categorization (1999, p.30). This theory forbids an element from moving into a position that relates to a semantic role because it makes the ne w occupant of the position take over that role, thus changing the linking that was originally there. The proponent of the GB theory agrees with earlier theorists that only transitive verbs have passive forms (Black, 1999, p.31). Therefore, no lexical rule can generate a passive form from intransitive verbs. Lexical rules normally help in illustrating generalizations such as this one about the relationship between passive forms and transitive verbs. In a sentence like; John was invited to the party by Jane, a rule like this one below can help illustrate the generalizations. V [+pass], [_ NP X (PP [to]) (PP[by]) ] Theme Goal Agent Sometimes, there is the need for interchanging the subject and object positions. This is possible especially when the subject position has no semantic role at the D-structure and has no lexicon to fill it (Black, 1999, p.32). This agrees with the Principle of No Loss of Information. Normally, a trace remains behind to retain the link between the object and t he related semantic role (1999, p.32). Unaccusative Clauses There is the need to distinguish between categories of intransitive verbs. To do this, it is important to determine whether the noun phrase in the position of the subject does the action or the action affects it (Black, 1999, p.32). John feels good. Jean collapsed. The plate broke. John broke the handle. In the first example above, feels is an ordinary intransitive verb whose subject, John, is an Agent. On the other hand, John just collapsed. He did not do anything to make himself collapse. Therefore, in the second example, the subject has the role of the theme. In the third and fourth examples, the breaking affects â€Å"the plate† and â€Å"the handle†. â€Å"The plate† and â€Å"the handle† take the theme role. In the third example, the action is unaccusative while, in the fourth, it is transitive. The verb â€Å"Feels† has an Agent in the position of the subject, while â€Å"collapseà ¢â‚¬  has nothing in this position but has a theme object and â€Å"break† has an agent that is optional. Raising constructions This category involves verbs that have a finite or non-finite complement, but do not give semantic roles to their normative positions (Black, 1999). Raising verbs include likely and seem (1999, p.33). The use of the pronoun â€Å"it† shows the lack of semantic roles especially in cases when a complement that is finite is in use. In cases where a complement that is non-finite is present, the subject of the dependent clause takes the position of the independent clause. Conclusion The most important part of this topic is the meaning of the various semantic roles; agent, source, goal, theme etc. The other thing is to know the rules that guide the movement of lexical items from one position to the other. It is important to know that there should be no cross linking of semantic roles and syntactic categories in related forms. This topic also stress es that an item is free to move out of a position, but the position should not be filled by another item. This helps avert the problem of altering the semantic role of that position. The semantic roles discussed should be used to bring out the similarities between active and passive constructions. This work also reveals that the noun phrase occupying the subject position does not have to be doing an action. Sometimes the action of the verb affects it. The NP can, therefore, be an agent or the theme. References Black, C. A. (1999). A step-by-step introduction to the Government and Binding theory of syntax. Summer Institute of Linguistics-Mexico Branch and University of North Dakota. www. sil. Org/americas/mexico/ling/E002-IntroGB. Pdf. Dang, H. T., Palmer, M. (2005, June). The role of semantic roles in disambiguating verb senses. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 42-49). Association for Computational Linguistics. Gildea, D., Jurafsky, D. (2002). Automatic labeling of semantic roles. Computational linguistics, 28(3), 245-288.

Toxic Hazard and Risk of Lead for Consumers Essay

Toxic Hazard and Risk of Lead for Consumers - Essay Example Lead is a highly toxic substance which when ingested may lead to irreparable neurological damage in children (ATSDR, 1999), kidney diseases, cardiovascular problems and reproductive complications. In 2007 Lead was ranked as the second most toxic substance after Arsenic (ATSDR, 2007). The toxicology of Lead is a result of its chemical similarity with Calcium thus the human body confuses Lead for Calcium and incorporates it into the bone marrow, kidney and the brain. Inasmuch as Lead affects adults, its effects on children can be fatal. A minimum of 10g/ml blood Lead impairs mental and physical development in children. A maximum of 80g/ml blood Lead leads to convulsions, comma and death. Lead poisoning can be detected through a number of symptoms. In children, the symptoms include abdominal pain, anaemia, vomiting, weight loss, short concentration span, hyperactivity, petulance and a slow speech development. In adults, the symptoms may include abdominal pain, memory loss, pale skin, weight loss, vomiting, petulance and anaemia. Lead poisoning can come from a number of exposure routes. All students, faculty staff and all visitors in IUB are exposed to these routes. First, the exposure route involving Lead Based Paint (LBP) is a major source. The paints used IUB buildings may chip off due to wear and tear, moisture friction or deliberate removal during renovation. The chips contain lead and mix with the dust which can be inhaled. The chips in the soil may leech and end up in water bodies. This route is not an acute exposure route. It is only acute to children who are fond of mouthing non food objects and substances. The preventive action to avert this exposure is to use Non- Lead paints which are of the same quality and glaze just like LBP. Industrial/ occupational Lead exposure is another possible route in that workers in a factory or laboratory that handles Lead are exposed to lead. Examples of such workers in IUB are those in pottery (Use Lead glaze), automotive repair (inhale exhaust fumes with Lead), industrial machinery and equipment, (inhale exhaust fumes with Lead) and chemistry students/laboratory technicians (analyze LBP or even handle elemental lead). Students of ceramics who use Lead glaze may inhale the Lead fumes involved in the Lead glaze. Those individuals threatened by this kind of exposure need to be careful and keen to wear protective gear such as masks to prevent the inhalation of the Lead fumes. This exposure is an acute threat because of the form and amount of Lead inhaled. The amount inhaled can be specifically high because the Lead is in gaseous form. Dishware is another exposure route. The plates and cups made of melamine or glass with a lead glaze, used by the students and faculty at the cafeteria or any other eating place, are a real threat. This is so because acidic food (such as tomato sauce, coffee, juice etc) kept in these containers may exacerbate lead leeching which can lead to lead poisoning. Though this is not an acute threat based on the amount of lead that can possibly leech, it is important that any dishware with a lead glaze is avoided. Most

W3a1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

W3a1 - Assignment Example This paper discusses the activities of the people in the cities during the period of the creation of the skyscrapers and social, economic and political factors that fueled the creation of these buildings in the nineteenth century. The cities during the era of creation of the first skyscrapers were filled with Immigrants from India, Germany, Ireland and Immigrants of African descendants (Life in the city). The Immigrants were mostly farmers in the rural areas. Raw materials such as Iron and steel frames for construction were cheap and readily available as a result of the first industrial revolution. The availability of these materials led to the construction of tall buildings that did not take up much space for the base structure; steel is highly malleable taking many shapes to ensure strong connections. Steel frames supported curtain walls that could be constructed taller than concrete walls. Tall buildings require strong foundations due to their weight and the invention of special water-tight boxes made it possible to erect tall buildings on loose wet grounds. Technology developments such as the invention of elevators paved way for construction of buildings taller than ten storey buildings which were impract ical to access the upper floors through stairs. The invention of Air conditioning necessitated the construction of tall buildings that could be heated and ventilated. People were attracted to work in these buildings. The invention of water pumps that provided supply of water to upper floors and the adaptation of iron piping that allowed the provision of cold and hot water. Immigrants from Europe, India and some of the free Africans started moving to the cities in search of jobs and, as a result increasing the population in the urban centers. The Immigrants worked laborers in the Industries. The second industrial revolution improved the living

Concert Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concert - Assignment Example Diwali is celebrated differently in different regions of India. For example, in northern India, Diwali is a mean to celebrate the return of Rama from Ayodhya after suffering in exile for fourteen years. It is celebrated to honour Rama’s victory against the defeat of Ravana. Similarly, in Gujrat, Diwali is celebrated to welcome the goddess of wealth which is known as Lakshmi in Hindi. In other parts such as Nepal, people celebrate the festival to remind themselves the victory of Krishna who was known for defeating evil king Narakaasura. Also in Bengal, Dewali holds a significant importance for them as a celebration associated with the goddess of Kali Mata. Traditional Activities: The typical traditional activities include: The cleaning of houses, streets, shops and all the public places. Buying and wearing new attires. Decorating every corner of the city with beautiful lights especially the Diyas. Cooking traditional foods especially the real festive meals. Exchanging gifts suc h as traditional sweets, valuable gold items for women and dresses such as Sari, dried fruits, toys for children. And last but not the least, displaying the magnificent fireworks to celebrate the real essence and charisma of Diwali. Traditional Music: Music and dance are an essential part of any Hindu festival. Even during, Diwali people celebrate the joy and happiness on the beats of traditional festive music mixed with Holy songs and sometimes, songs from the famous Indian movies are also played. Any Hindu festival is considered without music especially without the beats of drums. Songs are played on all the public venues for people to dance and cherish the moments. Traditional Food: Diwali is incomplete without sweets and traditional food. Indians celebrate this event with the touch of their traditional sweets known as Mithai. Other traditional foods include Halwa, snacks made from chickpeas, rice and lentil and Chivda. Especially on the day of Diwali, women give a plenty of thei r time in cooking these traditional foods including drinks such as Chai, Sorbets and different frozen desserts. Their food is usually filled with spices and herbs cooked in special coconut oil (Source: The Guardian). Conclusion Diwali is the most celebrated event in the history of India and wherever Sikhs, Hindus and Jains live. It has remained the same during all those times and it is still celebrated in the same traditional and enthusiastic manner. Even today, people still decorate their surroundings with colourful lights, decorative items, exchange gifts and focus on sending traditional sweets to one another. Hindus know how to preserve their traditions and culture without changing them even a bit. Works Cited: BBC. Diwali- 3rd November. [Available Online]. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/hinduism/diwali.shtml accessed on 8th March, 2013 The Guardian. What’s eaten at Diwali. [Available Online]. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2011/oct/25/whats-eate n-at-diwali accessed on 8th M

Headphones vs Speakers Essay Example for Free

Headphones vs Speakers Essay A man was shot and killed for having his music too loud. This would not have been a problem had the teenager been listening to his audio with headphones rather than some ill-fated speakers. Speakers and headphones’ main use is to transmit sound produced by a certain source. They both have the same fundamental purpose but man’s erroneous actions lead us to believe one is better, or often more preferred, than the other. Headphones are better than speakers because they are cheaper, portable, undisruptive, and personal. For the same overall performance, headphones are much cheaper than speakers. One thing you can rarely battle against is a good product at a low price. When thinking in economic terms of the price-performance ratio (the performance value is divided by the price value), headphones come out with a higher ratio. A good surround sound system will disperse the sound through a room to try and deliver it to the listener’s ears. The listener will be receiving the sound from multiple angles producing an effect that makes up for a good experience. Take for example; watching a war movie in surround sound will make one feel like he really is part of the action in the film. All the sound is traveling in form of waves and is being picked up by your pinna which is the outer part of the ear whose function is to collect sound and also to reveal the location the sound is coming from. All the speakers stay in the same place which can cause minor disruptions when moving your head. Headphones on the other hand will always stay on your head. One would think that headphones can’t possibly produce the same sound as the speaker set but after all you only have two ears. One thing that headphones have is 3D audio effects. These effects manipulate the pinna and give the human ear the impression that so und is not coming from two sources but is being received from all 360 degrees around a man. When listening to the audio, the sound can be heard coming from the front as well as from the rear. So if headphones can easily be manipulated to have the same performance as speakers, then the quality of sound is not something that will influence the decision of which one, either headphone or speaker, to pick. The big difference and the thing that will make a person in today’s economy decide which one to purchase lies ultimately in the price of the product. A good and reasonable pair of headphones can go for around $100. A speaker system that will play at same quality will cost you about three or four times as much. The most expensive headphones cost around $2000 $5000 dollars. The most expensive speakers go for up to fifty times that amount. Over all it’s clearly seen that the price-performance ratio for headphones is higher. Headphones have the same performance as speakers and cost a lot less. So you love listening to Frederic Chopin’s Nocturne in E Flat Major on your speakers but figure out that when travelling on a cross continental trip to Japan it is very difficult to bring your speaker system into the plane and more difficult to set it up once inside. Fearing you might end up being shot like the teenager from Florida you are immobilized because of the problem. The solution to this most troubling issue, having once found out that headphones can play at the same if not better quality than speakers, is to have a pair of headphones. One thing speakers cannot do is be portable. They are just not meant for travel. Headphones on the other end can easily and comfortably be placed on your head and carried to and fro Los Angeles and Japan. Headphones are highly portable to the point where they even make them to be waterproof; resisting the craziest weather on any given rainy day. They are also very stylish so that you can buy a pair or two that fit your style and character. They can also be wireless for any people that might be offset by any cables You’re caught in an intensely long firefight in Halo 4 but your roommates were being so loud that you could not hear the footsteps of the enemy that crept up to assassinate you from behind; or you finished finals early and decided to play Halo 4 but with the crossfire, showering grenades, and speeding vehicles your roommates complained they could not concentrate for their study for the Electronic Music final. Sadly, due to signed dorm room policies you are left immobilized and find yourself in another problem. The solution would of course be headphones or in this case headphones with an attached microphone. Speakers can sometimes be too loud and disruptive for other people that headphones are more reliable in these cases. With a pair of headphones there is no one that can tell you to lower your volume because you are too disruptive. Headphones also have the ability to cancel out ambient sounds that can negatively affect what should be a good sounding experience. Having to watch a movie or listen to music with an extra contribution of chatter and yelling from friends or neighbors is not pleasant. Neither is it pleasant to be disruptive to other people in the household by blasting your sound through the roof. These are problems that people which own speaker encounter. Speakers are disruptive, inconsiderate of others, and have a low ability to block outside noises a person does not want to hear. When using headphones there is a personal feeling of intimacy one can feel. Speakers might be able to play sound from many places and into your ears but when you put headphones on it feels like the music is travelling within your skull. When speakers play their sound it takes time for the sound to travel to a person’s ears. During the time it takes to travel, some of the high frequencies of the sound waves have been absorbed into the air and not all the sound is perceived in your ears. When using headphones you can hear all the frequencies clearer because the strength of the sound is not reduced over time. Headphones give you a greater and richer sound experience than what speaker can produce. When comparing headphones to speakers, speakers are surpassed in many aspects. For one headphones are cheaper which make it more accessible for people who have trouble coming up with income. Headphones are sleek, stylish and can be included in just about any activity you do. They are also very discreet and unobtrusive which is something speakers can never be; neither can speakers be as easily portable as headphones. Above all headphones give the listener the full spectrum sound and produce a listening experience unsurpassed by that of speakers. Works Cited Best Headphones. ! Recommendations Grouped by Price Range. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. Guttenberg, Steve. Headphones vs. Speakers: Which Is Better? CNET News. CBS Interactive, 10 Mar. 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. Head to Head Headphones versus Speakers. Head to Head Headphones versus Speakers. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. HeadWize Article: Preventing Hearing Damage When Listening With Headphones (A HeadWize Headphone Guide). HeadWize Article: Preventing Hearing Damage When Listening With Headphones (A HeadWize Headphone Guide). N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. Man Who Killed Florida Teen Over Loud Music Alters His Story to Fit Stand Your Ground. PoliticusUSA. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. The Soundry: The Outer Ear. ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation, n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2012. ROBERT A. BUTLER and RICHARD A. HUMANSKI. Localization of sound in the vertical plane with and without high-frequency spectral cues. Perception Psychophysics 1992,51(2), 182-186

Essay --

Alexander Caracciolo World Civilizations II (A) Spring 2014 ARTICLE Hitler and the Uniqueness of Nazism Ian Kershaw, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 39, No. 2, Understanding Nazi Germany (Apr., 2004), pp. 239-254 I INTRODUCTION Though Nazism can be sited as a form of fascism or type of totalitarianism, these common concepts inadequately account for what was unique about the regime that unleashed such devastating inhumanity; a terrible war of annihilation and the worst genocide the world has yet experienced. This article suggests the answer is located in a unique mixture of potent forces emulsified in a vicious cocktail, Hitler's dictatorship. The extraordinary power of his 'charismatic authority', the distinctive climate of German political culture, and the bureaucratic capacity of a highly modern state system ultimately lead to uprising and the uniqueness of Nazism. II. SUMMARY 1. Introduction In the introduction, Ian Kershaw discusses what he considers common knowledge about the Nazi regime. Through a series of counterexamples, he disproves these theories as the singular causes of Nazism uniqueness. The idea that Hitler alone was unique is disproved, the idea that First World War was instrumental in Nazism’s uniqueness was disproved and countless others. 2. Hitler’s Indispensability When describing Nazism it seems only natural to begin with Hitler. Although he himself cannot account for Nazism’s uniqueness, his role as a dictator is indispensable in making this claim. Kershaw explains, no Hitler: â€Å"no SS-police state, no general European war by the late 1930s, no attack on the Soviet Union, no Holocaust, no state policy aimed at wiping out the Jews of Europe† (245). Yet the forces that led to the â€Å"undermining of law, to... ...mbodied and its corrupting effect on the instruments and mechanisms of the most advanced state in Europe. Both the broad acceptance of the 'project' of 'national salvation', seen as personified in Hitler, and the internalization of the ideological goals by a new, modern power-elite, operating along-side weakened old elites through the bureaucratic sophistication of a modern state, were necessary prerequisites for the world-historical catastrophe of the Third Reich. III. SOURCES This article is not based on any one primary source, but is instead smattered with the ideas from several historians. IV. SIGNIFICANCE/HISTORICAL CONTEXT In addressing previous historical scholarship, Kershaw sheds new light on what is commonly thought of as Nazism. He recognizes other theories a being part Nazism but uses several sources to explain how they were not what was unquie to it.

“Immigrant” becomes dirtiest word as Americans are told to speak English

A recent article from the Independent Newspaper's correspondent in New York brings to our attention â€Å"the current mood of xenophobia† in the USA. After approximately two centuries of welcoming immigrants from around the world, it would seem that the Americans have begun to mistrust and to some extent, even fear the very people that have historically given them such a dynamic and diverse country, namely, foreign immigrants. There are several reasons for this recent shift in perspective, two of which are, recent terrorist attacks on American servicemen in Saudi Arabia and an explosion on an American airline flight, that foreign terrorists caused some people suspect. Historian, Arthur Schlesinger has spoken on â€Å"the tribalization of American life† and appears to be suggesting that the different ethnic groups in America are arranging themselves into their own groups and not crossing ethnic boundaries. One symptom of this seems to be the gang culture that exists, where each gang is alleged to be made up from members of the same ethnic group. A key factor in this is language, generally people who only speak one language find it difficult to mix with other ethnic groups or cultures, or indeed find it difficult to understand other cultures viewpoint. As a result of all of these difficulties, the government has introduced a bill called â€Å"The English Language Empowerment Act† the main purpose of which is to make English the official language of America. It is perceived by Republicans, that this Act will encourage immigrants to learn English, as it will be difficult, if not impossible for them to understand federal documents that are written in English. The Act has already been criticised for infringing on American's right to free speech and making it difficult for non-English speaking Americans to receive or even understand information or ideas. It is a safe assumption to make, that if people can't speak English, then they will be unable to understand written English. This argument would seem to carry a significant amount of weight. People have put forward the argument that this Act is connected with attitudes towards Immigrants. This argument seems to be borne out by the fact that there is nothing in the Act that will help to actually teach people how to speak or read English, rather it seems to punish those who can't by denying them access to written information. It has also been pointed out by opponents to the Act, that ninety seven percent of Americans speak English already and a very small proportion of government documents (around one percent,) are actually written in a foreign language. Some people looking at these statistics, would argue that there is no need for this Act, unless it were to force people into becoming â€Å"more American† and punishing those who preferred to stick to their own language and culture. This argument seems to be borne out further by another piece of Republican proposed legislation, the welfare reform Bill. One provision of this Bill would be that, immigrants who are in America quite legally, but are not yet citizens, would not be eligible for state welfare benefits, yet another form of â€Å"immigrant bashing† some might say. Hot button as mentioned in the article; a controversial thing of the moment, it is a happening now situation. Enduring canard, a lasting ongoing issue, to accept with a certain amount of tolerance regarding political correctness, in this case a probability that it has come about in the course of sensationalism and cock-and-bull story of this report in America's newspapers. Polyglot America Speaking, reading and writing many different languages, in this case America.

The Relationship Between Corporations and the Environment

The relationship between corporations and the environment is a tumultuous one. Corporations have abused and violated the environment for generations. These actions have now become unacceptable in our present society. There is growing concern for our natural resources; the world's forests, waterways, and air are noticeably tainted. In the last twenty years, the U. S. has become more vigilant in recognizing and passing acts to attempt to regulate and purify our environment. Between 1938 and 1986, twelve acts regarding business and the environment have been passed. The Food and Drug Administration established the first act in 1938. The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act was passed to regulate food and drug additives. The Delaney Clause in 1958 added the prohibition of the sale of foods containing human or animal carcinogens to the original act. The Wilderness Act of 1964 outlawed the development of wilderness areas and gave new procedures for the appointment of new protected areas. In 1969, the National Environment Policy Act created a nation wide environmental policy and the Council on Environmental Quality. A year later, the first legislation passed for the Clean Air Act. It was relegislated in 1977 and again in 1990. This act established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to control the enforcement of air quality standards. In 1972, both the Federal Insecticide and Rodenticide Act and the Clean Water Act were passed. They were relegislated in 1988; and 1977, 1981, and 1987 respectively. FIFRA requires the registration of every pesticide, certification and preconsumer testing. The Clean Water Act established standards for wastewater treatment, sludge management, and set discharge limitation and water quality standards. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 protects animals that are threatened or endangered. Relegislated in 1984, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 standardized the manufacturing, transportation, storage, treatment and dumping of solid and hazardous waste. Also passed in 1976 was the Toxic Substances Control Act, which delegates the EPA control over the assessment of risks involved in chemicals and recordkeeping. 1980 saw the passing of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Recovery Act, which brought liability upon the owners, transporters and sources of hazardous waste, and established the Superfund to help with cleanup costs. The Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act requires companies to publicly disclose all chemical and toxic hazards in their operations. 1 These acts have often left companies feeling as though their hands were tied. The Clean Air Act by 1989 managed to reduce air pollution to two thirds of the 1970's level. The Act achieves this through the use of permits to regulate the construction and production of major sources of pollution. The act specifies that a major source is one that emits 100 tons or more per year. This means that a factory can be built that emits 90 tons of pollution per year with out a permit. A permit is also necessary if you want to increase an existing factory that emits 100 tons by 25 tons. This act has its shortcomings. For example, a university wants to expand its heating plant. The administration has two options either modify the existing plant or build a new plant. The university's heating plant emits 100 tons of pollution, this means that they will need a permit. The modification would normally be more cost effective because it is a smaller job and would not take as much time to accomplish. The practicality of the situation would force the building of a new heating plant that is to be smaller than 100 tons of pollution. The reason for this is the delay, cost and uncertainty of the permitting process, which would drive the over all cost up. It is probable that the modification of the single plant would ultimately produce less pollution that the two separate plants. 2 The SARA, or Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act passed by the government as an addendum to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Recovery Act specifies that companies make public details of their storage and handling techniques. All firms manufacturing 300 specific chemicals must abide by this. Firms with ten or more full time workers must painstakingly report must report all chemicals released routinely. The quantity of the specific chemicals released into water, soil, and air, along with a listing of waste treatment efficiency must be made available to the surrounding community. It is difficult for companies to cite specific waste treatment facilities, for not many true ones exist. The public demands total removal of hazardous wastes and at the same time that the goods be produced with the same efficiency and quality. 3 The Clean Water Act is a system of minimum national standards for the discharge of toxins and hazardous waste into the environment. The rules given call for complicated technical decisions to be made by businesses. The fact that a company must comply with all new standards within a year causes for much loss and payment of fines. These acts do have negative effects upon businesses. However, corporations are finding advantages to environmentally sound procedures. Not only are environmentally friendly policies popular with consumers, but they can also save businesses a great deal of money. As the acts and their socially conscious agenda become more assimilated into the business world, business is working to gain advantage and minimize disadvantages. Many case studies support this idea. Corporations have discovered that they can often use environmental friendly programs and products to produce more profits. An excellent example of this is Ben and Jerry's ice cream company. The company began by making all natural ice cream on a very small scale in Burlington, Vermont in 1978. Natural food held great appeal in Vermont, even before it held nation-wide popularity. Soon, their product became extremely popular. Ben and Jerry's all natural products provided the first benefits of environmental-friendly policies for the company. Later, when two large manufacturing facilities were built in Waterbury and St. Albans Vermont, they decided to treat the waste created form their processing with a prototype solar aquatic treatment system. Like a wetland, the system combines solar energy with plants, algae and microbes to break down wastewater. Three â€Å"green teams† strive to ensure compliance with their priorities of managing their waste, conserving energy, practicing sustainability, finding renewable energy sources and forming environmentally positive community programs. Besides these positive actions, which attract many customers, other environmentally correct actions save Ben and Jerry's money. Instead of sending massive amounts of waste to the landfill, the company implemented procedures that minimize waste and reduce cost simultaneously. Cardboard waste is baled and sold or recycled, which saves the company $17,400 annually. Office employees must follow a recycling program to save energy, cost and trees. $235,000 a year is saved in recycling or reusing plastic buckets. As much as $250,000 a year will be saved from new energy saving devices incorporated by the company. There are environmentally positive aspects in every part of the company which prove Ben and Jerry's to be unhypocritical, for the environmentally friendly image they sell their products. Since their total sales were $97 million in 1991, it seems that this philosophy works and brings about a large customer base. 4 Other companies have found profit through environmentally safe Merck & Co. , a worldwide health product corporation for animals and humans, and specialty chemicals balances profit and responsibility even in the face of SARA. To maintain an inner accordance, Merck runs its operations with the same regard for health and well being that its products have. Merck has declared, â€Å"†¦ our commitment is to conduct our business worldwide in a manner that will protect the environment as well as the health and safety of our employees and the public. â€Å"5 Merck made formal its environmental commitment in 1990. In 1990, the company published a statement giving its environmental policies and goals. The progress toward these objectives was charted through periodic reports in a set five-year period. The objectives set by Merck were specific. The minimization of chemicals released into the atmosphere, in turn harming people, animals, the ozone layer, and causing acid rain and the greenhouse effect was one goal. Research to find new ways to minimize waste and conserve resources was a priority. Reduction of waste generation and self-sufficient waste treatment and disposal were another goal. Energy and resource conservation practices were to be utilized in its research, manufacturing and office facilities. Lastly, resource conservation was to be promoted through innovative product design and recyclable materials. 6 Merck, like all chemical producers, was directly confronted with SARA. Though the company is not forced to reduce emissions, its operation procedures go far above SARA suggestions and Clean Air Act regulations. Voluntarily, the company made a commitment to the EPA to follow these higher standards. Merck specifically vowed to reduce carcinogen air emissions by 90% at the end of 1991. Also, these air emissions were to be eradicated by 1993. Finally, Merck would reduce releases of corporate chemicals by around 90% of all direct releases and material transfers for off site disposal by the end of 1995. Merck had reduced all its worldwide releases of toxic chemicals by 50% from 1987 figures by the end of 1992. 7 The goals focusing on toxic waste processing and reductions were to be achieved through a strategic plan at division and plant levels. Divisions, plants and salaried employees directly or indirectly involved with manufacturing were to implement personal goals to help Merck achieve their overall goals. The eight plants under Merck's manufacturing division, along with the two manufacturing vice-presidents, were each accountable for the reduction and better management of waste in the plants. A central environmental resource staff coordinated and supported the effort. SOurce reduction was the biggest priority, followed by recovery/recycling/reuse, and waste management. Most of Merck's waste is non toxic. The toxic minority consists of primarily ethyl alcohol, acetone and methyl alcohol, used in manufacturing processes. The waste stream is boiled, the purified vapors condensed, and the liquid recollected. 90% is recovered for reuse. The remaining 10% is toxic waste. 8 Packaging components have experienced reduction in the interest of landfill space and resource conservation. Cotton wadding in drug bottles has been eliminated in the US. In Europe, there has been a 10% reduction in aluminum and foil waste. A conversion in Europe to standard blister packaging and high volume carton printing reduces waste and saves money. 9 New and more efficient equipment helps to reduce Merck's waste management problems. By standardizing and improving production, Merck is less likely to encounter problems with the FDA for making drug production changes. Approval for production changes is extremely time and cost consuming. Yield and product quality standards are on the same level as environmental standards. Merck, â€Å"takes responsibility for the total life cycle of materials we use and products we manufacture. â€Å"10 Merck keeps lines of communication open with the public concerning its environmental policies. By working with the Chemical Manufacturers Association's Responsible Care Program, Merck provides information to the public through a 1-800 number. The number is linked directly to Merck, where questions regarding Merck plants are answered. Emergency response systems are in place at factories, and for Merck transports. Literature regarding operations and safety procedures are distributed by Merck to keep the public informed. 11 Merck's environmental commitment extends to its corporate headquarters. Environmental preservation of woodland and wetlands upon the site was the priority. The 900,000 square foot hexagon-shaped building and the 700,000 square foot underground parking garage made a minimal effect upon the land. Awards and recognition were in order for this achievement. Kevin Roche, an architect known for designs that blend into the environment, was chosen for the project. The hexagon building surrounds five acres of forest, roads go over the land, and trees were moved rather than destroyed. They were nurtured in a nursery for as long as three years and then returned to the landscape. Energy saving features were utilized in the main building. All paper waste, the principal waste product, is recycled. 2. 8 tons of waste are produced per day, of which 8 tons are recyclable. 12 Merck has made an agreement with the Costa Rican Instituto Nacional de Biodivarsidad (INBio) to grant a million dollars to catalog the immensely diverse life found in Costa Rico. In exchange, Merck is granted the rights to any new medicines found. If a new medicine is found, the royalties will surpass the cost of the failure of the project. The diversity of Costa Rico is thought by scientists to contain more biodiversity then any other planet on earth. Many unknown animals and plants exist in Costa Rico and have yet to be discovered. Merck is training local people to take samples and perform extractions. INBio will analyze the samples. Merck will evaluate samples for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications. This mutual beneficent relationship will aid both the environment and Merck. 13 By improving their product, cutting their costs, and improving their public image, Merck has made a profit from environmental friendliness. The envirometal centered policy has opened up new markets and gained a competitive advantage. This compliance is expensive, but seems well worth the expenditure for the return. The EPA also has developed incentives in recent years for environmental policy compliance. The Green Lights program gives companies EPA support to drive down lighting usage, which accounts for over 20% of overall electrical costs. Software, financing information, lighting product consumer reporting is provided free of charge. Public recognition is given through public service ads, news articles, marketing materials, broadcast specials and videotapes. Computer manufacturers who install automatic â€Å"power down† on their computers join the Energy Star program endorsed by the EPA. Consumers and businesses look specifically for this symbol in many cases, causing a gain for the computer manufacturer. Variable Speed Drives for heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems save 40% or more efficiency. The EPA has formed a special group buy to make them more affordable. Payback is within three years. Plans are on the board to endorse other â€Å"green† technologies this way. Refrigerators that are produced and function 30-50% more energy efficient then 1993 standards will receive a rebate. These are just a few incentives the EPA is providing. 14 Government and business have often debated over policies and laws. In the case of laws governing business practices and their effects on the environment, this holds true. The balance between being environmentally safe and still producing the quality and quantities needed is delicate. However, today's market makes environmental friendliness sellable, and the procedures involved often save businesses a considerable amount of money. Ben and Jerry's have utilized the market for environmentally aware products and combined it with their company philosophy. Merck has utilized the same business strategy and found ways to surpass SARA and other environmental acts. These businesses prove that being environmentally responsible is not only morally correct, but also profitable.